Many Linux users have used the 'ifconfig' command as a primary tool for obtaining network information. However, this command is now obsolete, and we now have the 'IP' command in its place. The 'IP' command has many features compared to the old 'ifconfig' command. Today, you will learn how to use it through practical examples

The IP command is part of the iproute2 package. This package is present in all modern Linux distributions and is easy to use.

The general syntax of the IP command is as follows:

In this syntax, we must know that `OBJECT` refers to what we want to configure with the IP command. Some of these are:

link (l): For the configuration of network interfaces.

address (a): edit and display IP addresses.

You can get help with each of these objects, for example:

So, let's start working with the IP command.

1. Show the IP address of the network interfaces

One of the most common uses of the IP command is to display the IP address of network interfaces. To achieve this, run the following command:

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp1s0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 54:e1:ad:6d:9f:49 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: wlp2s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether cc:2f:71:e9:45:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.51.232/24 brd 192.168.51.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute wlp2s0
valid_lft 2359sec preferred_lft 2359sec
inet6 2401:4900:1954:ff53:57cd:d9d1:ed2a:282b/64 scope global dynamic noprefixroute
valid_lft 3507sec preferred_lft 3507sec
inet6 fe80::9efe:aa76:2250:d18b/64 scope link noprefixroute
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

There you will have information about each of the network interfaces. The output shows the IP address, broadcast, status, and many more things.

You can also choose the network interface to display.

You will get the same information as retrieved by the previous command but limited to the interface.

2. Assign an IP address to a network interface

Execute the following syntax to assign an IP address to a network interface of the computer:

3. Remove an IP address assigned to a network interface

To revert to the previous step, you have to run:

It is easy to revert the changes this way.

4. Enable and disable a network interface

Thanks to the IP command, you can easily enable a new network interface. To complete this, you have to run:

To display the routing table that exists on the system using the IP command, you have to run the following command:

Output:
default via 192.168.1.1 dev enp0s3 proto dhcp metric 100
192.168.1.0/24 dev enp0s3 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.21 metric 100

Moreover, it is possible to show the route of a single IP address. Execute the following command to do this:

6. Add and remove a static route with the IP command

We can also add a static route manually, the same as with the IP address. To achieve this, you have to run the following command:

Many Linux users have used the 'ifconfig' command as a primary tool for obtaining network information. However, this command is now obsolete, and we now have the 'IP' command in its place. The 'IP' command has many features compared to the old 'ifconfig' command. Today, you will learn how to use it through practical examples

IP command in Linux: usage examples
The IP command is part of the iproute2 package. This package is present in all modern Linux distributions and is easy to use.

The general syntax of the IP command is as follows:

ip [OPTIONS] OBJECT {COMMAND | help}

In this syntax, we must know that `OBJECT` refers to what we want to configure with the IP command. Some of these are:
link (l): For the configuration of network interfaces.
address (a): edit and display IP addresses.
route (r): For editing routing tables.
neigh (n): View and configure (ARP).

You can get help with each of these objects, for example:

 

Or

 

So, let's start working with the IP command.

1. Show the IP address of the network interfaces
One of the most common uses of the IP command is to display the IP address of network interfaces. To achieve this, run the following command:

 

Output:

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp1s0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 54:e1:ad:6d:9f:49 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: wlp2s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether cc:2f:71:e9:45:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.51.232/24 brd 192.168.51.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute wlp2s0
valid_lft 2359sec preferred_lft 2359sec
inet6 2401:4900:1954:ff53:57cd:d9d1:ed2a:282b/64 scope global dynamic noprefixroute
valid_lft 3507sec preferred_lft 3507sec
inet6 fe80::9efe:aa76:2250:d18b/64 scope link noprefixroute
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

There you will have information about each of the network interfaces. The output shows the IP address, broadcast, status, and many more things.
You can also choose the network interface to display.

 

For example:

 

You will get the same information as retrieved by the previous command but limited to the interface.

2. Assign an IP address to a network interface

Execute the following syntax to assign an IP address to a network interface of the computer:

ip addr add [address] dev [interface]

For example,

 

3. Remove an IP address assigned to a network interface
To revert to the previous step, you have to run:

 

It is easy to revert the changes this way.

4. Enable and disable a network interface
Thanks to the IP command, you can easily enable a new network interface. To complete this, you have to run:

 

For example:

 

And to disable it you can run:

 

An example of this is:

ip link set enp1s0 down

5. Display the system routing table
To display the routing table that exists on the system using the IP command, you have to run the following command:


 

Output:
default via 192.168.1.1 dev enp0s3 proto dhcp metric 100
192.168.1.0/24 dev enp0s3 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.21 metric 100

Moreover, it is possible to show the route of a single IP address. Execute the following command to do this:

 

For example:

ip route get 192.168.1.1

6. Add and remove a static route with the IP command

We can also add a static route manually, the same as with the IP address. To achieve this, you have to run the following command:

 

For example:

 

To remove a previously made route, just run the following command:

 

For example:

 

It's that quick and easy.

7. Show network statistics
The IP command is also frequently used to obtain statistics on network performance. To display them, you have to run.

 

Output:
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
 RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped missed  mcast   
 1184    16    0    0    0    0    
 TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns
 1184    16    0    0    0    0    
2: enp1s0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
 link/ether 54:e1:ad:6d:9f:49 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
 RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped missed  mcast   
 0       0     0    0    0    0    
 TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns
 0       0     0    0    0    0    
3: wlp2s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP mode DORMANT group default qlen 1000
 link/ether cc:2f:71:e9:45:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
 RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped missed  mcast   
 37996487   50128 0    0    0    0    
 TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns
 15040574   39681 0    0    0    0

The information you will see is about sent and received packets, sorted by the network interface.
As you can see, the IP command is very useful when applied in practice. Some of its featuresmake it a worthy successor of ifconfig.

How to use IP command in Linux. Detailed guide & practical examples.

IP command In Linux With Usage Examples | Guide 2022

MySQL 8.0. The Latest Features | Thorough Overview

Many developers have criticized MySQL for insufficient JSON functionality. However, everything is different now because JSON has undergone some major enhancements.

Let’s start with the new utility functions, JSON_STORAGE_SIZE( ) and JSON_STORAGE_FREE(). Another addition is JSON_PRETTY().

That’s not it, because ->> has also been added, which is the equivalent for JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT()). Some new aggregation functions, such as JSON_OBJECTAGG() and JSON_ARRAYAGG() have also been integrated into MySQL 8.0.  Even better, now we have a JSON_TABLE() function for JSON documents. It accepts the JSON data and returns it as a relational table, with specifiable columns and casting.

Earlier versions of MySQL worked on storing the dictionary on disk. Now, it has taken a step further and stores a dictionary in InnoDB tables. This improvement’s main reason is to upgrade the performance of the database.

This is one of the most anticipated upgrades within MySQL 8.0. Now, the document store has become exactly what developers expected it to be.  It combines the best of two languages, SQL and NoSQL. This way, developers can take advantage of the top-notch benefits of both.

Well, it can handle all sorts of work, from CRUD commands to merging several tables into one – all is possible now.  It follows the ACID properties, so you can learn it effortlessly if you are familiar with the MySQL environment.

4. Window Functions and CTEs (Common Table Expressions)

There have been various Window functions added into MySQL 8.0.4. Here are some of them:

In addition to that, WITH queries, also known as CTEs (Common Table Expressions), have been added to MySQL 8. It is a volatile result set within a single statement. The CTE can be called again with that statement.

The latest MySQL 8.0 upgrade allows the Optimizer Cost Model to view cached data (actual amount located in memory). Thus, you can always check how much of it is left on the disk.

In addition to that, Optimizer hints are also available for the optimizer_switch variable. Although it was available in previous versions, the Oracle team has improved it significantly. Before, you had to call the variable after each subsequent query. Now, you can control optimizer hints per query.

MySQL has opened a new path for better functionality for developers. Those new to the DBMS can still catch up and learn new features for better database performance. In their turn, the experienced developers can do more with the improved options.

MySQL 8.0. The Latest Features | Thorough Overview

1. JSON Enhancements

Many developers have criticized MySQL for insufficient JSON functionality. However, everything is different now because JSON has undergone some major enhancements.
Let’s start with the new utility functions, JSON_STORAGE_SIZE( ) and JSON_STORAGE_FREE(). Another addition is JSON_PRETTY().
That’s not it, because ->> has also been added, which is the equivalent for JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT()). Some new aggregation functions, such as JSON_OBJECTAGG() and JSON_ARRAYAGG() have also been integrated into MySQL 8.0.  Even better, now we have a JSON_TABLE() function for JSON documents. It accepts the JSON data and returns it as a relational table, with specifiable columns and casting.

2. Data Dictionary

Earlier versions of MySQL worked on storing the dictionary on disk. Now, it has taken a step further and stores a dictionary in InnoDB tables. This improvement’s main reason is to upgrade the performance of the database.

3. Document Store

This is one of the most anticipated upgrades within MySQL 8.0. Now, the document store has become exactly what developers expected it to be.  It combines the best of two languages, SQL and NoSQL. This way, developers can take advantage of the top-notch benefits of both.

How does the MySQL document store work?

Well, it can handle all sorts of work, from CRUD commands to merging several tables into one – all is possible now.  It follows the ACID properties, so you can learn it effortlessly if you are familiar with the MySQL environment.

4. Window Functions and CTEs (Common Table Expressions)

There have been various Window functions added into MySQL 8.0.4. Here are some of them:
CUME_DIST()
DENSE_RANK()
FIRST_VALUE()
LAG()
LAST_VALUE()
LEAD()
NTH_VALUE()
NTILE()
PERCENT_RANK()
RANK()
ROW_NUMBER
In addition to that, WITH queries, also known as CTEs (Common Table Expressions), have been added to MySQL 8. It is a volatile result set within a single statement. The CTE can be called again with that statement.

5. Improved Optimizer Model and Hints

The latest MySQL 8.0 upgrade allows the Optimizer Cost Model to view cached data (actual amount located in memory). Thus, you can always check how much of it is left on the disk.
In addition to that, Optimizer hints are also available for the optimizer_switch variable. Although it was available in previous versions, the Oracle team has improved it significantly. Before, you had to call the variable after each subsequent query. Now, you can control optimizer hints per query.
MySQL has opened a new path for better functionality for developers. Those new to the DBMS can still catch up and learn new features for better database performance. In their turn, the experienced developers can do more with the improved options.

MySQL 8.0. The Latest Features. Thorough Overview. JSON Enhancements. MySQL document store. Data dictionary. Windows functions and CTE's.

Best New Features of MySQL 8.0

Firewall security with advanced protection

You can easily secure your infrastructure using stateful firewalls at no extra cost. Define inbound and outbound rules to deny unnecessary traffic. Once configured, you can assign as many cloud servers as you need.

Load balancers make it stress-free to scale requests by automatically distributing traffic through your infrastructure. It handles use cases such as TLS termination or creates an internet-facing entry point to route traffic to the Hetzner cloud network.

Combine AMD EPYC 2nd Gen and Intel® Xeon® Gold processors with high-speed NVMe SSDs to benefit from high-performance hardware. You can select between local storage and cloud storage (NVMe SSD RAID or Ceph). You can also take advantage of redundant 10 Gigabit network links.

Network communication feature allows servers to communicate over private networks and establish complex network topologies. Ideal in the sense of running Kubernetes clusters or database servers that can not be made publicly reachable.

You can manually back up the server using the snapshot function. You can use a snapshot to restore a server from a saved image, use a saved image to create a new cloud server, or transfer images to another project.

Volumes provide highly available and reliable SSD storage to cloud servers. Each storage capacity can be expanded up to 10TB at any time and connected to Hetzner cloud servers.

Get instant access to a range of features to help you manage your cloud infrastructure. It also provides REST-API and CLI tools for developers. Complete documentation and programming examples make it easy to get started and get the most out of your instance.


Traffic controlling with higher bandwidth

With the 20TB of storage, the project will have a lot of bandwidth no matter which Hetzner Cloud package you choose. However, if you wish, you can pay an additional fee of 1.19 euros per month per TB.

Cloud point is hosted in the data centers of the Hetzner Online company in Nuremberg and Falkenstein (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Ashburn (Virginia, USA). All data centers are operating following strict European data protection regulations.

A backup is an automatically created copy of your server to keep your data safe. There can be produced more than seven copies at a time.

Allocate floating IPs as needed. For use with redundant servers or high-availability server clusters.

Choose from various operating systems, like Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, etc.

Distributed Denial of Service Protection

Hetzner Online uses the latest hardware appliances and advanced perimeter security technology to secure your Hetzner cloud servers. It also provides unparalleled protection against large-scale Distributed Denial of services occurrences and is free of cost.

Cloud General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliant. You can generate a Data Processing Agreement (DPA) online that complies with Article 28 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). You can also enter the correct European location for your DPA.

Firewall security with advanced protection
You can easily secure your infrastructure using stateful firewalls at no extra cost. Define inbound and outbound rules to deny unnecessary traffic. Once configured, you can assign as many cloud servers as you need.

Load balancer to distribute traffic
Load balancers make it stress-free to scale requests by automatically distributing traffic through your infrastructure. It handles use cases such as TLS termination or creates an internet-facing entry point to route traffic to the Hetzner cloud network.

Optimized performance
Combine AMD EPYC 2nd Gen and Intel® Xeon® Gold processors with high-speed NVMe SSDs to benefit from high-performance hardware. You can select between local storage and cloud storage (NVMe SSD RAID or Ceph). You can also take advantage of redundant 10 Gigabit network links.

Network communication
Network communication feature allows servers to communicate over private networks and establish complex network topologies. Ideal in the sense of running Kubernetes clusters or database servers that can not be made publicly reachable.

Snapshot functionality
You can manually back up the server using the snapshot function. You can use a snapshot to restore a server from a saved image, use a saved image to create a new cloud server, or transfer images to another project.

Increased storage сapacity
Volumes provide highly available and reliable SSD storage to cloud servers. Each storage capacity can be expanded up to 10TB at any time and connected to Hetzner cloud servers.

API and Documentation
Get instant access to a range of features to help you manage your cloud infrastructure. It also provides REST-API and CLI tools for developers. Complete documentation and programming examples make it easy to get started and get the most out of your instance.

Traffic controlling with higher bandwidth
With the 20TB of storage, the project will have a lot of bandwidth no matter which Hetzner Cloud package you choose. However, if you wish, you can pay an additional fee of 1.19 euros per month per TB.

Location
Cloud point is hosted in the data centers of the Hetzner Online company in Nuremberg and Falkenstein (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Ashburn (Virginia, USA). All data centers are operating following strict European data protection regulations.

Automatic backups
A backup is an automatically created copy of your server to keep your data safe. There can be produced more than seven copies at a time.

Floating IPS
Allocate floating IPs as needed. For use with redundant servers or high-availability server clusters.

OS
Choose from various operating systems, like Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, etc.

Distributed Denial of Service Protection
Hetzner Online uses the latest hardware appliances and advanced perimeter security technology to secure your Hetzner cloud servers. It also provides unparalleled protection against large-scale Distributed Denial of services occurrences and is free of cost.

Data security and safety
Cloud General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliant. You can generate a Data Processing Agreement (DPA) online that complies with Article 28 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). You can also enter the correct European location for your DPA.

Hetzner Cloud Review. New Features 2022. Load Balancer. Snapshot Functionality. Optimized Performance. Automatic Backups

Hetzner Cloud Review | The New Features 2022

Many Linux users have used the ifconfig command as a primary tool for obtaining network information. However, this command is obsolete, and we now have the IP command in its place. The IP command has many features compared to the old ifconfig command. Today, you will learn how to use it by practical examples.

MySQL is the most popular Database Management System that has upgraded over time, every upgrade coming with many exciting features. The same refers to MySQL 8.0. 
MySQL 8.0 features set is something every developer should be aware of. We created an overall article about the new features of MySQL 8.0 for those, who’ve missed the update or would like to learn more details.

Firewall security with advanced protection
You can easily secure your infrastructure using stateful firewalls at no extra cost. Define inbound and outbound rules to deny unnecessary traffic. Once configured, you can assign as many cloud servers as you need.
Load balancer to distribute traffic
Load balancers make it stress-free to scale requests by automatically distributing traffic through your infrastructure. It handles use cases such as ...

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IP command In Linux With Usage Examples | Guide 2022

Best New Features of MySQL 8.0

Hetzner Cloud Review | The New Features 2022

Load balancer to distribute traffic